snake venom local snake needed tamil nadu poison anti venom not work in other part India
venoms of local, medically relevant snakes must be used to produce antivenoms

varispladib - new compound used for snakebite

Newly Sequenced Indian Cobra Genome Could Lead to Better Antivenoms

different article 

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/newly-sequenced-indian-cobra-genome-could-lead-better-antivenoms-180973941/

in India, where more than 46,000 people die every year from snake bites, reports Megan Molteni at Wired.
“The value of genomics is that it will allow us to produce medicines that are more concretely defined,” study author Somasekar Seshagiri, a geneticist and president of the SciGenom Research Foundation in Bangalore, tells Molteni. “Antivenoms will no longer just be like some magic potion we pull out of a horse.”
Expressed in bacteria or yeast, these 19 genes could help researchers generate gobs of the proteins that make cobra venom pack its deadly punch. The proteins could then be bait for libraries of human antibodies, the most potent of which could become the ingredients for ultra-effective, ultra-precise antivenoms that react only to venom proteins, potentially minimizing side effects in people.

1. main article 
2. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/venomous-menace-snakebite-treatments-are-failing-in-india/
1. In India, horses are injected with a cocktail of venoms from 
1. Russell's viper, 
2. the saw-scaled viper, 
3. the spectacled cobra and 
4. the common krait, 
1. sourced exclusively from snakes in the southern state of Tamil Nadu. 
2. This is a problem.
3.  the most widely marketed antivenom failed against venoms from both populations of 
1. the monocled cobra, 
2. the Sind krait and 
3. northern populations of the common krait.
4. the Sind krait—perhaps the most toxic snake in India—
4. We treat snakebites as one medical emergency. But the reality is, 
1. if you're bitten by a snake like a cobra, then you might suffer neurotoxic effects that lead to respiratory paralysis, [and] 
2. if you're bitten by the Russell's viper, you may have a completely different variety of syndromes such as hemorrhage or bleeding disorders," says Nick Casewell, 
1. who works on animal venoms at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine in England and was not part of this study.
5. In India, species are distributed widely across the vast subcontinent. Sunagar and his colleagues found that whereas 
1. the venom of one monocled cobra population targets the nervous system,
2.  the other population's venom is rich in toxins that cause cell and tissue damage. "
6. The venoms of local, medically relevant snakes must be used to produce antivenoms that will work more effectively in that region," 
1. Sunagar says, adding that more government funding and attention would go a long way. Sunagar and his colleagues are now working with antivenom manufacturers to develop and test such region-specific formulations.
7. At the moment, only 15 percent of antibodies in an antivenom are specific to toxins, Casewell says; 
1. the rest are directed toward parasites or germs in the involved animal's environment. 
2. will gather the (....poisonous) cells that produce them and grow these in the lab, using them to generate a synthetic "library" of antibodies. 
3. What India needs immediately are antivenoms that are effective against local snake populations in different regions.
8. This cocktail of select antibodies will likely also be safer for patients, many of whom suffer adverse reactions to the numerous foreign proteins from other animals that make up the conventional antivenom, he says.

Another promising treatment approach involves a small molecule called varespladib, identified by Matthew Lewin, founder of Bay Area startup Ophirex. 

Lewin and his colleagues have shown that the compound is very potent against a virulent component of venom called sPLA2, found in abundance in many of the world's venomous snakes. Varespladib is also small enough to penetrate brain tissue, which conventional antivenoms fail to reach. The team is preparing to perform clinical trials of the compound soon.